Nanoparticles Should not be Regulated as if They are new Chemicals

https://workspaces.acrobat.com/app.html... Nanoscale Structures 2 Nanoparticles Should not be Regulated as if They are new Chemicals Because Controlled Atomic Doping of a Single C60 Atom Bridges the gap Between Microscale and Nanoscale Structures Physics is the science and study of behavior and properties of matter. (Wikipedia). The job of a physicist is to look for patterns and symmetries in nature that are represented by mathematical equations. Physics began with the ancient philosophers from 3500 B.C. to the Dark Ages to the Renaissance to the electrical Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution to the Atom Age to the Standard Model. (Wikipedia). Quanta is the smallest quantity of energy. The most recent discoveries concerning quantum physics came from Max Planck, a German physicist. His studies led to the Heidenberg Principle. The Heidenberg Principle articulated (1927) by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, that the position and the velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time, even in theory. (Physlink) The following experiment shows that a single C60 atom was manipulated over K adsorbates. This challenges the Uncertainty Principle. The authors use an STM tip to reverse the doping of a Kx C60 nanoparticle by removing atoms one by one (showing that K is implemented by a controller K). Moving Kx C60 or K4 C60 over an impurity caused one K atom to unbind from the C60 molecule and stick to the Nanoscale Structures 3 impurity. All doping levels for KC60 to K4 C60 can be applied this way. Each attached K atom donates ~0.6 electron charge to the C60 host, which enables itself to be precisely and reversibly tuned. These experiments were conducted by using a spectroscopy at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the Univ. of California at Berkeley by professors at the Univ. of Cal. at Berkeley. (Yamachika, Wachowiak, Crommie, Grobis, 2004). This scientific representation is based on précising definitions, definition by example, factual claim, hypothetical imperative, aesthetic value identified with the capacity to fulfill a function, formalism and aesthetic value defined in terms of special property or form. Atomic scaling measures the gravitational force exerted on very small diodes. It allows for lithographic manipulation of barrier thickness and measurement from RTS resonant tunneling spectroscopy and other spectroscopies. What is a diode? It is an electronic device that consists of two electrodes and is used to convert alternating current to direct current. (Wikipedia). Nanoscale Structures 4 Electrostatic Discharge or ESD is an intriguing and intricately challenging new frontier affecting industry and the environment. Static pressure is defined by The American Meteorological Society in this way: “In engineering fluid mechanics, the pressure in a homogeneous incompressible fluid in steady flow along a level streamline at points other than the stagnation point.”(Society). It only takes 25 electrostatic volts to permanently damage an integrated circuit. (Wikipedia). Semiconductor physics is particularly interested in lithography wavelength technology. “The important length scale at which the physics of single dopants takes place is referred to as the atomic scale.” (Smit, 2004). How far can optical patterning be extended? Which liquid precursor is most suitable for ALD or Atomic Layer Deposition of High-K Dielectrics? Promising combinations include : 1) Aluminum oxide added to lanthanum oxide 2) hafnium oxide and hafnium oxynitride and 3) hafnium ethlmethylamide. Challenges concerning high-k gate dielectrics and dual work function gate techniques include: 1) the discreteness of doping limits 2) the scaling down of atomic wavelength 3) high gate leakage of nitrided or silicon dioxide and 4) the depletion of polysilicon gate electrodes. The solution is metal gate last (MGL) electrode materials integration where full CMOS work can be demonstrated on high-k. (Musgrave, Gordon, 2005). ESD causes losses in the electronics industry Nanoscale Structures 5 in the billions. CMOS stands for Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. (Wikipedia). The development of a quantum wave is measured by its corresponding energy levels. (Physlink). Quantum mechanical tunneling when combined with magnetic scattering due to the spin of electrons, results in an exciting new phenomenon called spin-dependent tunneling. (Al-Khalili, 2003). The experiment below analyzes the wave function manipulation of a semiconductor dopant atom by a small electrostatic gate. (Smit ,2004). Next to chemical doping, the carrier density in a semiconductor can be changed by using electrostatic gates. The total number of dopant atoms in a device determines whether the discreteness can be ignored or should be considered. To measure a single dopant device, there must not be charge traps present near the dopant. The solution is to have the barrier epitaxically grown on the semiconductor. The configurations for the barrier would best result as Si1-x GEx- layer on an Si substrate, giving the maximum barrier to be only 100me V. Required voltage to fully Nanoscale Structures 6 ionize the dopant depends on rA, but is nearly dependent of d. Two characteristic conditions can be distinguished in the ionization process of the dopant. The electron is gradually pulled out of the Coulomb potential of the dopant (at a dopant-gate-separation smaller than 8a ~24nm for P in Si.). (Smit, 2004). The author is a professor who used the 0 thermionic emission model for her estimates. The staff at CFT –Materials Analysis performed the SIMS measurements. The professor uses précising definitions, definition by example, analytical definition, factual claim, hypothetical imperative, aesthetic value identified with the capacity to fulfill a function, formalism, and aesthetic value defined in terms of special property or form. Solar panels add a boost to batteries. Different companies make solar gear with built-in, electricity-generating panels. The solar panels need half a day to recharge a dead battery. Solar panels that rely on USB (Universal Serial Bus) adaptors pose a challenge. Some devices can’t attract power to flow through USB. Future inventions will meet the challenge. (LaGesse, Silver, 2005). Titanium atoms bonding with four hydrogen molecules can lead to efficient fuel cells. (Yildirim, Ciraci, 2005).The National Institute of Standards and Technology is a government agency consisting of seven laboratories that develop measurements, standards, and data related to nanotechnology. (Yildirim, Ciraci, 2005). Nanoscale Structures 7 The Society of Toxicology meeting in New Orleans presented experimental finds of risks that they say exist for factory workers who may inhale certain doses of nanoparticles. NASA tested nanoparticles in mice and list concerns for lung damage. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Workers experimented with carbon nanotubes in mice. The report stated the mice had heart trouble. A researcher from Japan Univ. reported that his/her mice could develop potential blood clots in red blood cells. (Raloff, 2005). While the affiliations appear credible, the key dose that is spoken of is not measurably defined. The findings by the group provide no specific, measurable solution for arriving at a key dose. The argument against nanotubes is weak, invalid and ineffective. The members used the following patterns of thought and communication methods: wishful thinking, group think fallacy, hasty generalization, false dilemma, fallacy of anecdotal evidence, perfectionist fallacy, line-drawing fallacy, misplaced burden of proof, post hoc fallacy, informal causal reasoning based on common-thread reasoning, nonexperimental cause-to-effect studies, circular causal claim, and begging the question. The organization uses moral reasoning in the form of societal concern for factory workers. ¨ Quantum physics became a science after Schrodinger invented his atomic model. “Quantum theory is no longer limited to explaining Nanoscale Structures 8 the workings of light and atoms, but also black holes quantum gravity, negative energy, and more.” (Tucek, 2005). Speaking of black holes, an astrophysicist’s goal is to determine the age of the universe, its growth and development rate, its mass density, its space energy density, the number of forms of common and foreign matter, and if the universe demonstrates a core value. Paul Davis’ theory is flawed due to gravitational lensing, string theory, universal growth rate measures, discovery of hot Milky Way gas and defined galaxies in space, and the Two Degree Field Summary. This summary establishes that the matter density value is 1/3 of the exact density. This determines the ratio of foreign matter in relation to ordinary matter is five to one. The theory of quantum mechanics that infers that we created our own universe, can control time and change the past is not feasible. (Ross, 2001). The physicist uses précising definitions, definition by example, analytical definition, factual claim, hypothetical imperative, aesthetic value identified with the capacity to fulfill a function, formalism, and aesthetic value defined in terms of special property or form. What is Nanoscience? Quantum technology or nanoscience is the study of the wave function of a quantum material, not giving us the exact location at a moment in time, but the likelihood of the electron being there. Noone knows what a wavelength is or actually looks like. The important thing is that the wavelength’s nanoparticles are calculated Nanoscale Structures 9 precisely the same and that the nature of the behavior on the subatomic scale is not doubted. (ChemistryDaily). Nanotechnology is a smaller field of science than quantum physics. Nanotechnology concentrates on manufacturing and producing nanomaterials-quantum dots, clusters, wires, and fibers. Quantum tunneling is an experiment that predicts the frequency and intensity of light re-emitted by lasers by exciting, atomic electrons. It’s another word for barrier penetration. (Al-Khalili, 2003). Carbon nanotubes are soft, black form of hollow cylinders about one atom thick. They are important due to the unique properties of the carbon bonds. (AMA). Semiconductor physics is a branch of the larger quantum mechanics. (Physlink). It involves the use of quantum tunneling and wavelength technology, using quantum dots, fibers and wires. Dispersion Stability is a big challenge for electrostatic discharge. What affects dispersion stability and how can we predict it? The stability of colloidal dispersions is determined by the sum of attractive forces (electrostatic) which particles experience as they approach each other. (Musgrave, Gordon, 2005). Environmentalists are concerned about the particles that factory workers will breathe. But, President Bush admonished the EPA to accept the New Source Review energy policy of his. (NIST) With Nanotechnology becoming a billion dollar business, industry would rather settle out of court, or pay emissions fines rather than miss out on this coming revolution. Technology has been our staple thus far. Ongoing Nanoscale Structures 10 experiments will secure the role that nanoparticles will play in biology, agriculture, aerospace, neurology, biotechnology, and chemical and mechanical engineering. The mind will always be in quest for answers, because that is what it was created to do. Atomic electrical engineering will produce the following inventions: power systems, locomotion systems, control systems, sensor systems, actuator systems, and disposal systems. (ChemistryDaily). Nanoparticles will account for other successes in the areas of : digital cameras, drug delivery, solar materials and fuel, NASA, and fibre optics. The study of the atomic nucleus is most challenging. The development of a quantum wave is measured by its corresponding energy levels. (Physlink). Drug delivery is an important technology for biotech. Drug delivery route is affected by the soluble properties of the drug, the division of the drug, and the protein features of the drug. Factors that are involved in drug delivery technology include: rate control and spatial control. (Burgess, 1988). The purpose of doping atoms is to ionize them. How do you resolve defects left from a boron atom on a lattice? (Osten 2003). If we carefully heat the wafer, we can cause the atoms in the crystal to shake around, and if we do it right, they all get back where they belong. Not only that, but the newly added impurities Nanoscale Structures 11 end up on lattice sites as well! This step is called annealing and it does just what it is supposed to do. (Wilson, 2003). Nanoparticles should not be regulated as if they are new chemicals because aggressive scaling of CMOS devices requires gate EOTS below 1nm for future generations. This necessitates introduction of an alternative insulator with a dielectric constant >k sio2. Achieving the material requirements for alternative gate dielectrics is very challenging. There are demanding issues for process integration compatibility, such as morphology, interfacial structure and reaction, thermal stability, and gate compatibility. Semiconductor electronics’ ultimate goal is to achieve scalability of the MOSTET with crystalline as the substrate and silicon dioxide as insulator. (Osten 2003).